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Mersenne and Fermat
A Mersenne prime is a prime number of the form 2n − 1, such as 8 (= 23 – 1) and 31 = (25 − 1). Only 47 of them are known, the largest being 275885161 – 1, which has 17,425,170 digits. The one featured on the Liechtenstein stamp was discovered in 2001 and has about four million digits. They are named after the Minimite Friar Marin Mersenne (1588–1648), who found nine of them. Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665) spent most of his life as a lawyer in Toulouse, following a legal career. He published little, and communicated with other mathematicians by letter.
He made substantial contributions to the development of analytic geometry, analysing lines, planes and conics algebraically, but is mainly remembered for his contributions to number theory. These include his ‘little theorem’ that ap – a is divisible by p for any natural number a and prime number p, and his observation that any prime number of the form 4n + 1 can be written as the sum of two perfect squares.
In his copy of Diophantus’s Arithmetica Fermat claimed to have ‘an truly marvellous demonstration which this margin is too narrow to contain’ of what became known as Fermat’s last theorem: for any integer n > 2 there are no non-trivial integer solutions x, y and z of the equation xn + yn = zn. This was eventually proved by Andrew Wiles in 1995.
[Czech Republic 2000; France 2001; Liechtenstein 2004]
Ten mathematical formulas
In 1971, Nicaragua issued a set of ten stamps featuring The ten mathematical formulas that changed the face of the earth. These were 1 + 1 = 2, the Pythagorean law for right-angled triangles, Archimedes’ law of moments, Napier’s law of logarithms, Newton’s inverse-square law of gravitation, Maxwell’s law of electromagnetism, de Broglie’s law of light waves, Tsiolkovskii’s law of rocket motion, Boltzmann’s law of entropy, and Einstein law of relativity.
[Nicaragua 1971]
Maria do Pilar Ribeiro - Portugal
Maria do Pilar Ribeiro é a sócia número 1 da Sociedade Portuguesa de Matemática. Foi uma de suas fundadoras, assim como da Gazeta de Matemática. Junto com José da Silva Paulo, foi responsável pela tradução para o português do livro de Hilbert, Fundamentos da Geometria, publicado em 1951 e republicado em 2003.
Pilar Ribeiro nasceu em Lisboa, a 5 de outubro de 1911. Numa época em que não era vulgar as mulheres tirarem um curso, licenciou-se em Matemática pela Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, no ano de 1933. Na mesma época, casou-se com o matemático Hugo Ribeiro, que conhecera durante o curso.
Após um estágio no liceu Pedro Nunes, lecionou a disciplina de Matemática no Liceu Camões. No mesmo período, frequentava o Seminário de Análise Geral, organizado por António Aniceto Monteiro.
Entre 1942 e 1946, acompanhou o marido a Zurique, onde este fez o doutoramento. Pilar Ribeiro frequentou então vários cursos de especialização em Matemática na Escola Politécnica Federal de Zurique.
Em 1947, após os expurgos dos matemáticos em Portugal, o casal partiu para os Estados Unidos da América. Pilar Ribeiro foi então instrutora de Matemática na Pennsylvania State University.
Após o 25 de abril, o casal regressou a Portugal. De 1976 a 1980, Pilar Ribeiro foi professora na Universidade do Porto e na Escola Biomédica Abel Salazar.
Adaptado de texto da SPM (Sociedade Portuguesa de Matemática)
Em outubro de 2011, poucos meses após a sua morte, os CTT emitiram um Inteiro Postal com selo e postal mostrando o retrato da homenageada.
Maria Pilar Ribeiro is the associate number one of the Portuguese Mathematical Society (SPM). She was one of its founders, as well as the Gazette of Mathematics. Along with Paulo José da Silva, she was responsible for the translation into Portuguese of the book of Hilbert, Foundations of Geometry, published in 1951 and republished in 2003.
Pilar Ribeiro was born in Lisbon on October 5, 1911. At a time that it was not common for women take a course, she graduated in mathematics from the Faculty of Sciences of Lisbon, in the year 1933. At the same time, she married with the mathematical Hugo Ribeiro, who met during the course.
After an internship in Pedro Nunes high school , she taught the discipline of mathematics at the Camões Lycée. In the same period, she attending the General Analysis Seminar, organized by António Aniceto Monteiro.
Between 1942 and 1946, she accompanied her husband to Zurich, where he did the doctorate. Pilar Ribeiro then attended several specialization courses in Mathematics at the Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich.
In 1947, following the exclusion of several mathematics in Portugal, the couple left for the United States of America. Pilar Ribeiro was then an instructor of Mathematics at Pennsylvania State University.
After April 25, the couple returned to Portugal. From 1976 to 1980, Pilar Ribeiro was professor at the Porto's University and the Abel Salazar Biomedical School.
Text adapted from SPM (Portuguese Mathematical Society)
In October 2011, a few months after her death, CTT issued a Postal Stationery with stamp and postcard showing the picture of the honoree.
Pedro Nunes - Portugal
Pedro Nunes
foi o maior matemático Português do século XVI. Nasceu em Álcacer do Sal em 1502. Era de origem judaica, mas nunca foi incomodado pela Inquisição, talvez por ter a proteção da corte. Em 1529, o rei nomeou-o cosmógrafo real, tendo ascendido ao cargo de cosmógrafo-mor em 1547.
Em 1544 foi nomeado professor da Universidade de Coimbra, cargo que abandonou por jubilação, em 1562. Entretanto, tinha sido mestre de Matemática dos Infantes D. Luís e D. Henrique.
Pedro Nunes desenvolveu instrumentos que revolucionaram a navegação no alto mar, algo de grande importância para Portugal no período. Foi um dos percursores da moderna navegação científica.
O instrumento mais importante que inventou foi o Nónio. Da sua extensa obra destacam-se o Tratado da Esfera e o Tratado de Triângulos esféricos.
Os CTT - Correios de Portugal emitiram, em 1978, 500 anos após a sua morte, 2 belos selos, com desenhos dos Serviços Artísticos dos CTT, de valor facial de 5$00 e 20$00, com a sua figura fazendo cálculos, com fórmulas e outros elementos matemáticos e no 2º selo o Nónio e curvas de rumo.
Pedro Nunes was the greatest Portuguese mathematician of the sixteenth century. Born in Álcacer do Sal in 1502, he had Jewish origin, but was never hassled by the Inquisition, perhaps by having the protection of the Court. In 1529, the king appointed him as royal cosmographer, having ascended to the position of master cosmographer in 1547.
In 1544 he was appointed professor at the Coimbra's University, a position he left for retirement in 1562. Between that he had been Master of Mathematics of Infants D. Luis and D. Henrique.
Pedro Nunes developed instruments that revolutionized navigation on the high seas, something of great importance for Portugal in the period. Was one of the forerunners of modern scientific navigation.
The most important instrument that he has invented was the Nónio. From his extensive work stand out from the Treaty of the Sphere and the Treaty of Spherical Triangles.
CTT - Correios de Portugal had issued in 1978, 500 years after his death, two beautiful stamps with designs of CTT's Artistic Services , with face values of 5$00 and 20$00, with his figure doing calculations with formulas and other mathematical elements and the 2nd stamp with Nónio and curves of direction.
About Pedro Nunes, visit the blog: Iconografia Noniana, with his iconography in Portugal
In 1544 he was appointed professor at the Coimbra's University, a position he left for retirement in 1562. Between that he had been Master of Mathematics of Infants D. Luis and D. Henrique.
Pedro Nunes developed instruments that revolutionized navigation on the high seas, something of great importance for Portugal in the period. Was one of the forerunners of modern scientific navigation.
The most important instrument that he has invented was the Nónio. From his extensive work stand out from the Treaty of the Sphere and the Treaty of Spherical Triangles.
CTT - Correios de Portugal had issued in 1978, 500 years after his death, two beautiful stamps with designs of CTT's Artistic Services , with face values of 5$00 and 20$00, with his figure doing calculations with formulas and other mathematical elements and the 2nd stamp with Nónio and curves of direction.
About Pedro Nunes, visit the blog: Iconografia Noniana, with his iconography in Portugal
Ano Internacional da Cristalografia - Portugal
Por decisão oficial das Nações Unidas, o ano de 2014 foi declarado Ano Internacional da Cristalografia. Esta efeméride é organizada conjuntamente pela União Internacional de Cristalografia (IUCr) e pela UNESCO. [...]
A Cristalografia passou da forma exterior dos cristais à teorização sobre a sua estrutura interna, ou seja, o seu objecto de estudo passou das propriedades geométricas dos poliedros cristalinos à descrição das estruturas cristalinas ideais e, atualmente, ao estudo das suas estruturas reais, das suas propriedades e dinâmica. [...] Apesar de a Cristalografia ser hoje basilar a todas as Ciências Fundamentais (Química, Física, Matemática, Biologia e Geologia), permanece ainda relativamente desconhecida do grande público. Um dos objetivos desta efeméride passa por promover a educação e a sensibilização. [...] Pretende-se que cada selo demonstre a aplicação da cristalografia nas ciências fundamentais dando como exemplos o estudo da função de Patterson.
Texto de Elizabeth Silva (Responsável pelo Setor das Ciências da Comissão Nacional da UNESCO), da pagela da emissão filatélica
O selo de €0,72 representa a Matemática e Cristais de Pirite, com a função de Patterson.
By an official decision by the UN, the year 2014 was declared the International Year of Crystallography. This ephemerid is organized by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) and UNESCO. [...] Although today the Crystallography is basilar to all Fundamental Sciences (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Biology and Geology), still remains relatively unknown to the general public. One of the goals of this anniversary is to promote education and awareness. [...] It is intended that each stamp demonstrate the application of crystallography in basic science studies like the Patterson function. Translated by SFAAC. Original text by Elizabeth Silva (in charge for the Sciences group of the National Commission of UNESCO) The € 0.72 stamp is dedicated to Mathematics and pyrite crystals, with the Patterson function.
By an official decision by the UN, the year 2014 was declared the International Year of Crystallography. This ephemerid is organized by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) and UNESCO. [...] Although today the Crystallography is basilar to all Fundamental Sciences (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Biology and Geology), still remains relatively unknown to the general public. One of the goals of this anniversary is to promote education and awareness. [...] It is intended that each stamp demonstrate the application of crystallography in basic science studies like the Patterson function. Translated by SFAAC. Original text by Elizabeth Silva (in charge for the Sciences group of the National Commission of UNESCO) The € 0.72 stamp is dedicated to Mathematics and pyrite crystals, with the Patterson function.
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